For a fuller description of the paper itself, go to the end of this web page.
Each simulation published in this paper corresponds to a unique 5 or 6 character code on the web pages.
The following table lists the name of the simulation as used in the paper, and the corresponding code name
The webpage gives you the ability to examine the published simulations, but you can also download the raw (netcdf) files to perform your own analysis. Detailed instructions on how to use the webpages and access the data can be found here: Using_BRIDGE_webpages.pdf
A combination of extreme El Niño events and mean state warming led to deforestation, reef demise, and a plankton crisis, all of which resulted in a positive feedback cycle that led to an even warmer mean climate and still stronger El Niño events
You can have make you own analysis and plots by going here
| Simulation Name as in Paper | Simulation name on web pages |
|---|---|
| Pre-industrial | tdzec |
| Pre-industrial | xmxxc |
| Changhsingian | tfgsi |
| Changhsingian | tfjja |
| Changhsingian | tfjjb |
| Induan | tfgsj |
| Induan | tfjjc |
| Induan | tfjjd |
| Changhsingian | tfjje |
Mega El Nino drove the end-Permian mass extinction
| Name | Sun and Farnsworth 2024 et al |
|---|---|
| Brief Description | Mega El Nino drove the end-Permian mass extinction |
| Full Author List | Y. Sun, A. Farnsworth, MW Joachimski, PB Wignall, L Krystyn, D Bond, DCG Ravida, PJ Valdes |
| Title | Mega El Niño instigated the end-Permian mass extinction |
| Year | 2024 |
| Journal | Science |
| Volume | 385 |
| Issue | 3-4 |
| Pages | |
| DOI | 10.1126/science.ado20 |
| Contact's Name | Alex Farnsworth |
| Contact's email | alex.farnsworth@bristol.ac.uk |
| Abstract | The ultimate driver of the end-Permian mass extinction is a topic of much debate. Here, we used a multiproxy and paleoclimate modeling approach to establish a unifying theory elucidating the heightened susceptibility of the Pangean world to the prolonged and intensified El Niño events leading to an extinction state. As atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide doubled from about 410 to about 860 ppm (parts per million) in the latest Permian, the meridional overturning circulation collapsed, the Hadley cell contracted, and El Niños intensified. The resultant deforestation, reef demise, and plankton crisis marked the start of a cascading environmental disaster. Reduced carbon sequestration initiated positive feedback, producing a warmer hothouse and, consequently, stronger El Niños. The compounding effects of elevated climate variability and mean state warming led to catastrophic but diachronous terrestrial and marine losses. |